Plastic Atlas Nigeria

Plastic Atlas (Nigeria Edition)

Facts and figures about the world of synthetic polymers
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Plastic is ubiquitous: we use it for life-saving medical devices, clothing, toys and cosmetics; we use it in agriculture and industry. But we also know the growing risk of plastic waste in the environment, landfills and the oceans.

For example, the amount of plastic that some fulmars accumulate in their stomachs during their lives is equivalent to 31 grams in humans - that would be a full plate. But although awareness of the negative consequences of plastic is growing, we are experiencing an unbroken boom in plastic production. 99 percent of the plastic is produced from fossil fuels; the climate-damaging emissions involved are enormous. And only nine percent of all plastic thrown away since 1950 has been recycled; instead, huge amounts of our plastic waste end up in dumps in Asian countries every day.

We have only just begun to understand the huge dimensions of this crisis. A change of course requires in-depth knowledge of the causes, interests, responsibilities and effects of the plastics crisis. The Plastics Atlas (Nigeria Edition) wants to offer exactly that!

Product details
Date of Publication
August 2020
Publisher
Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung in cooperation with Break Free From Plastic
Number of Pages
60
Licence
Language of publication
English
Table of contents

02 IMPRINT

06 INTRODUCTION

08 12 BRIEF LESSONS ON PLASTIC AND THE PLANET

10 HISTORY BREAKTHROUGH IN THREE LETTERS

The first plastics imitated ivory and silk and attracted just a limited market. Things took off after World War II with the rise of PVC. Cheap plastics soon conquered the world.

12 THROWAWAY CULTURE WHY THE WORLD IS WALLOWING IN WASTE

Until the 1950s, people treated plastic with the same respect as they did glass or silk. Then consumer-goods companies discovered the advantages of polymers. A lifestyle emerged that generates increasing amounts of trash.

14 USAGE BLESSING AND CURSE

Plastics have become indispensable. They are found in plastic bags, smartphones and car dashboards. But almost half of all plastic products end up as waste within less than a month. Only a fraction is recycled.

16 NIGERIA - CONSUMPTION AND TRENDS

Nigeria is one of the largest consumers of plastics in Africa. With plastic use and production set to increase, the mounting effects on people and the environment can no longer be ignored

18 HEALTH FOOD CHEMISTRY

The effects of runaway plastic production on the environment can no longer be ignored. Its consequences for human health are less well known—from the extraction of raw materials through to waste disposal.

20 GENDER OVEREXPOSED

Women are more affected than men by plastics. Biological reasons are part of the problem: their bodies react in different ways to toxins, and the hygiene products that women use are often contaminated. But alternatives do exist.

22 FOOD TASTY MORSELS

The food industry is a big user of plastic. Films and foams are meant to shield food from damage, keep it fresh, and make it look attractive. But beauty has a price: the plastic lands on fields and gets into our food system.

24 CLOTHING WEARING THIN

At first sight, fabrics made from synthetic fibers have many advantages. They are cheap, dry quickly, and shape themselves to the body. But they have become disposable articles and contribute significantly to climate change. They may also be harmful to human health.

26 TOURISM TURNING THE TIDE ON THE TIDE OF TRASH?

Sun-kissed beaches, swaying palm trees… and a knee-deep band of garbage at the water’s edge. Tourists come to see pristine beauty, but help destroy it through their carelessness, and because garbage systems cannot cope.

28 NIGERIA - MICROPLASTICS: BUILDING UP ON LAGOS BEACHES BIT BY BIT

Lagos beaches suffer from great neglect. With rising levels of microplastics from tourist activities and poor waste management systems, the impact may soon be irreversible on leisure and commercial activities.

30 CLIMATE CHANGE NOT GREEN, BUT GREENHOUSE

Plastics are sometimes seen as environmentally friendlier than other materials—not least because of their light weight. But the plastics boom is pumping huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

32 WATER ALL AT SEA?

Marine pollution is fed mainly by trash floating down rivers, like smog is fed by fires and smokestacks. But plastic does not stay long in the open ocean. It moves into shallower waters, sinks to the sea floor, or is washed ashore.

34 CORPORATIONS BLAMING THE CONSUMER

Masters in lobbying, petrochemicals firms and plastic producers focus attention on waste management and recycling so they can evade their responsibility for the true problem: the growth in the volume of plastics being made.

36 AFFLUENCE THE CHILD OF GLOBAL TRADE

Global economic growth since World War II would not have been possible without plastic. Plastics are both the result of globalization and a fuel that powers it. Online shopping is piling mounds of rubbish higher still.

38 “BIOPLASTICS” REPLACING OIL WITH MAIZE IS NO SOLUTION

Plastics made from renewable raw materials are supposed to be environmentally friendly. They degrade more quickly—at least, according to their corporate backers. A close look shows that they create a new set of problems.

40 WASTE MANAGEMENT WE CANNOT RECYCLE OUR WAY OUT OF THE PLASTIC CRISIS

It is a widespread misconception: as long as we separate our waste into different types, we do not have to change our consumption patterns. But the reality is different: a large proportion of plastic waste is not recycled, much of it incinerated or ends up in the environment.

42 NIGERIA - RECYCLING: NOT BUSINESS AS USUAL

Recycling will never be able to solve the problem of the rapidly expanding volume of plastic waste in our environment. However, it is necessary to improve and organise the industry that supports thousands of livelihoods in the informal sector.

44 WASTE EXPORTS THE RUBBISH DUMP IS CLOSED

What to do with your unwanted plastic bottles and bags? Simple: send them somewhere else. Until recently, much of the developed world’s hard-to-recycle waste was shipped off to China. That is no longer an option.

46 WASTE PICKING SCRAPS FROM THE TABLE

In many poor countries, waste pickers take over the tasks of the municipal garbage truck and waste-processing plants. They divert a significant amount of waste back into productive uses.

48 REGULATION SOLUTIONS AT THE WRONG END

There is no lack of agreements and initiatives to manage the plastic crisis. But almost all address waste disposal only; they are not coordinated with each other, and they absolve manufacturers of their responsibilities.

50 NIGERIA - NEED TO FILL THE POLICY GAP

The lack of effective policy frameworks is a challenge in managing Nigeria’s plastic waste crisis. Until this gap is filled, the damages caused by plastic pollution currently experienced in the country will continue.

52 CIVIL SOCIETY HOW THE PLASTIC-FREE MOVEMENT IS EXPOSING THE GIANTS

The global Break Free From Plastic civil society movement is working to stop plastic pollution for good. It is using public exposure and transparency to put corporations under pressure.

54 ZERO WASTE STOPPING THE PROBLEM AT THE SOURCE

Recycling alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. New ideas are needed that tackle the roots of the problem. A growing movement is showing how that can work—and a few pioneering cities and towns are blazing the trail.

56 AUTHORS AND SOURCES FOR DATA AND GRAPHICS

58 ABOUT US